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Difference between revisions of "Philosophy"
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=== Structure of Frameworks === | === Structure of Frameworks === | ||
All moral frameworks should attempt to answer the following three questions. | All moral frameworks should attempt to answer the following three questions. | ||
# What does the subject look like? | # What does the subject look like? | ||
# What is the relationship between the subject and the world? | # What is the relationship between the subject and the world? | ||
# What is the "right-making feature," or in other words, what should the subject do? | # What is the "right-making feature," or in other words, what should the subject do? | ||
Frameworks operate through a syllogism, which means that the three above questions are related and depend on each other. For instance, if we have the wrong conception of what the subject looks like, our previous understanding of the relationship between the subject and the world would be incorrect. That would also affect what we think the subject should (or should not) do. | Frameworks operate through a syllogism, which means that the three above questions are related and depend on each other. For instance, if we have the wrong conception of what the subject looks like, our previous understanding of the relationship between the subject and the world would be incorrect. That would also affect what we think the subject should (or should not) do. | ||
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Take the example of [[utilitarianism]]. The framework would argue that moral agents are defined by their ability to experience pain or pleasure. Agents relate to the world in that they can inflict pain or pleasure upon other people. Agents, therefore, have a responsibility to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. If you are answering utilitarianism, you could argue that agents are defined by something other than their ability to experience pain or pleasure. Or, you might argue that even if agents are defined by that ability, that doesn't mean they have a moral obligation to maximize pleasure or minimize pain for others. | Take the example of [[utilitarianism]]. The framework would argue that moral agents are defined by their ability to experience pain or pleasure. Agents relate to the world in that they can inflict pain or pleasure upon other people. Agents, therefore, have a responsibility to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. If you are answering utilitarianism, you could argue that agents are defined by something other than their ability to experience pain or pleasure. Or, you might argue that even if agents are defined by that ability, that doesn't mean they have a moral obligation to maximize pleasure or minimize pain for others. | ||
== Common Philosophies == | == Common Philosophies == | ||
[[Utilitarianism]] is likely the most common framework read in LD. Used as the framework for [[policy]] positions, utilitarian frameworks center around maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain. | [[Utilitarianism]] is likely the most common framework read in LD. Used as the framework for [[policy]] positions, utilitarian frameworks center around maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain. | ||
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[[Levinas]] is a framework that is focused around respecting the Other. The Other, which represents a person that is not oneself, is infinitely unknowable and deserves respect, and should not be totalized. | [[Levinas]] is a framework that is focused around respecting the Other. The Other, which represents a person that is not oneself, is infinitely unknowable and deserves respect, and should not be totalized. | ||
[[Moral Skepticism]] is not a philosophical framework, as it advocates the opposite of what other frameworks say! Skepticism argues that it is impossible to be moral, and the quest for moral truth is meaningless. | [[Moral Skepticism]] is not a philosophical framework, as it advocates for the opposite of what other frameworks say! Skepticism argues that it is impossible to be moral, and the quest for moral truth is meaningless. | ||
[[Determinism]], also not a philosophical framework, argues that all actions since the beginning of the universe have been predetermined, which means agents are not morally culpable for the decisions that they make. | [[Determinism]], also not a philosophical framework, argues that all actions since the beginning of the universe have been predetermined, which means agents are not morally culpable for the decisions that they make. | ||